Shared biological risks that influence brain and behaviour

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common childhood-onset neurodevelopmental disorder. Comorbidity with other neurodevelopmental conditions, learning problems and psychiatric disorders is high and ADHD symptoms themselves, particularly inattention, can also persist into adulthood. ADHD is indexed by high levels of functional impairment and adversely affects social relationships, academic achievements and employment record. Rates of substance misuse and smoking behaviours are elevated, contributing to the physical and mental health disadvantage of those with ADHD. Although highly heritable, ADHD is aetiologically complex whereby the coaction and interaction of inherited and non-inherited factors likely play a role in its development, maintenance and adverse consequences. I...

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