Alcohol is implicated as a causal factor in numerous diseases and injuries; its harmful use accounts for approximately 2.5 million deaths worldwide each year, according to the World Health Organization’s Global Status Report on Alcohol and Health, 2011. Alcohol dependence is by definition a heterogenous disorder, characterized by the past 12-month occurrence of at least three of seven DSM criteria (Fourth Revision, American Psychiatric Association). Examples of these criteria include tolerance, withdrawal symptoms, and continued use despite knowledge of physical/psychologic alcohol-related harm. Despite some success from psychosocial and pharmacologic interventions, there is an ongoing search for more effective treatments. (Source: Biological Psychiatry)
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